Watch a live conversation with Elon Musk at Davos 2026, where the tech leader talks innovation, industry shifts and future opportunities shaping global markets.
At Davos 2026, Elon Musk framed his companies’ common engineering thread as “maximiz[ing] the probability that civilization has a great future” through scalable solutions in space, energy, AI, and robotics. He argued that making life multi-planetary is a resilience strategy for an otherwise fragile “tiny candle of consciousness” and highlighted SpaceX’s near-term goal: achieving full rocket reusability with Starship, which he claims would cut launch costs “by a factor of 100.”
Musk positioned AI and humanoid robots as the engine of “sustainable abundance,” predicting “there’ll be more robots than people” and that they could eventually “saturate all human needs.” The key constraint is not chips but power: “the limiting factor for AI deployment is fundamentally electrical power,” with electricity supply growth lagging compute.
He emphasized solar’s scale economics, asserting that roughly a “100 miles by 100 miles” solar footprint could power the U.S., while tariffs and manufacturing capacity slow adoption. Looking ahead, he suggested solar-powered AI data centers in orbit could become “the lowest cost place to put AI… within two years.” Musk also forecast rapid model progress: AI “smarter than any human” by year-end, and “smarter than all of humanity collectively” by 2030–31. He closed with a leadership stance: it’s better to be “an optimist and wrong rather than a pessimist and right.”
That was not a that was not a large applause. Start again. That's better. Thank you.
Yeah. We're going to make this interesting.
How many how many quotes are you going to want that are going to be after this session?
I don't know. I mean five.
Okay. So, good afternoon, everyone. It's great to see everybody here. It's been an amazing week here in Davos. Hopefully everybody saw that we are having conversations here. Hopefully everybody agrees. There are some conversations that we may disagree. There's many conversations we may have agreed. But through those conversations and I think today's result with a peace agreement earlier today, the World Economic Forum is here to have those conversations, to have understandings and also resolution. So, it's an important component of who we and what we are. And I'm thrilled, to have Elon Musk here. He came all the way from California to be here to see all of you. So thank you, Elon.
You are welcome. I mean, I heard I heard about, heard about the formation of the peace summit, and I was like, is that, is that p I e You know, a little piece of Greenland, a little piece of Venezuela.
We got one.
All we want is peace.
Okay, I want to, as I said, I'm a pretty proud, CEO of Blackrock since we went public. The compounding return of Blackrock to our shareholders with 21% since Elon took Tesla public, his compounded return is 43%. This is I just another advertisement for everybody, especially for Europeans. This is why more citizens should be investing with growth, investing with your countries. Imagine if a lot of pension funds invested with Elon when Tesla went public, and how much we return with the all the pension funds that invested side by side with Elon and the growth. So, a spectacular return. There's very few companies. Well, I don't think there's any other company as large as Tesla today that has that compounded return. So congratulations. Thank you. Good measurement.
Well we have an incredible team at Tesla. It's the reason.
So I want to get into the dirt. The meaningful component about technology the possibilities. I want to talk about AI and robotics energy space and the progress ultimately coming down to engineering engineering discipline scale execution, and few, few people, if not anyone, has the experience and the fortitude to confront these issues head on. Not just the ideas, but the execution across so many different technologies. Elon. And that's why I thought it was important for us to have this dialogue here in Davos. So you're presently building on AI, on robotics and space, on energy all at the same time. When you look across those efforts, what do they have in common from an engineering standpoint?
Well, they're all very difficult technology challenges. But the the overall goal of my companies is to maximize the future of civilization, like, basically maximize the probability that civilization has a great future. And, to expand consciousness beyond Earth. So take space, for example, that space is about advancing rocket technology to the point where we can extend life and consciousness beyond Earth, to the moon, to Mars, eventually to other star systems. And, I think we should always view consciousness, life as we know it, as as precarious and delicate. Because to the best of our knowledge, we don't know of life anywhere else. You know, I'm often asked, are there aliens among us? And I'll say that I am one, but.
Or you're from the future.
They don't believe me. Okay. So, but I, I think if anyone would know if there are aliens among us, it would be me. And, we have 9000 satellites up there, and not once have we had to maneuver around an alien spaceship. So I'm like, I don't know. Bottom line is, I think we need to assume that life and consciousness is extremely rare, and it might only be us. And if that's the case, then we need to do everything possible to to ensure that the the light of the light, the light of consciousness is not extinguished because we're effectively we're the way I view it is the image in my mind is of a tiny candle in a vast darkness, a tiny candle of consciousness that could easily go out. And that's why it's important to make life multi-planetary such that if there is a natural disaster or man made disaster on earth, that consciousness continues. That's the purpose of space. Tesla is obviously about sustainable technology. And, and and also at this point, we've, we've sort of added to our mission sustainable abundance. So with robotics and AI, this this is really the path to abundance for all. If you say, you know, people often talk about, solving global poverty or essentially how do we make give everyone a very high standard of living? I think the only way to do this is AI and robotics. Which which doesn't mean that it is, without its issues. I mean, we need to be very careful with AI. We need to be very careful with robotics. We don't want to find ourselves in a James Cameron movie. You know, Terminator is a great, great movie. His love, his movies. But. But we don't want to be in Terminator, obviously. But but if you have, ubiquitous AI that is essentially free or close to it and ubiquitous robotics, then you will have an, an explosion in the global economy, an expansion of the global economy that is truly beyond all precedent.
You can that expansion be broad? Yes. Or is it narrow? And how can that be created? How can it broaden the global economy?
Yeah, it's. I mean, I mean, a way to think of it is that if you have a large number of humanoid robots, the economic output is the average productivity per robot times the number of robots.
Right.
And, and actually my prediction is in, in the benign scenario of the future that we will the robots will actually make so many robots and AI that they will actually saturate all human needs, meaning you won't be able to even think of something to ask the robot for at a certain point, like there will be such an abundance of goods and services because the my prediction is that there'll be there'll be more robots than people.
So but how do you then have human purpose in that scenario?
Yeah. I mean, you know, there's nothing's perfect, you know, but but I mean, it is a necessary, like, you can't have both, you can't have work that has to be done. And, amazing abundance for all. Because if it's if it's work that has to be done then and only some people can do it then, then you you can't have abundance. It's narrow. It's narrow. Exactly. So, but if if you have billions of humanoid robots, I think there will be, I think I think everyone on Earth is going to have one and are going to want one. Because, you would who wouldn't want a robot to, you know, assuming it's very safe. Watch over your kids. Take care of your pet. If you have elderly parents, a lot of friends of mine said they have elderly parents, and it's very difficult to take care of them.
Expensive?
Yeah, it's expensive, and it's expensive, and there just aren't enough people to take care of. The. There aren't enough young people to take care of the old people.
Right.
So if they if you had a robot that could take care of and protect and elderly parents, I think that would be great. That would be an amazing thing to have. And I think we will have those things. So overall, I'm very optimistic about the future. I think we're headed for a future of amazing abundance. Which is very cool. And and definitely we are in the most interesting time in history. I think there's more and more interesting time in history.
Can we, can we you and I reverse aging in this new history or or are we going to see it?
You know, I haven't I haven't put much time into the aging stuff. I do think it is a very solvable problem. Like you can I think when when we figure out what causes aging, I think we'll find it's incredibly obvious. It's not a subtle thing. The reason I say it's not a subtle thing is because all the cells in your body, you know, with some pretty much age at the same rate. I've never seen someone with with an old left arm and a right arm ever in my life. So why is that? That means that there must be a clock. A synchronizing clock, right? That is synchronizing across 35 trillion cells in your body. And, you know, the there is some benefit to death, by the way. It's like there's a reason why we don't actually have a longer lifespan. Because if you if you have if people do live forever for very long time, I think there's some risk of an ossification of society, of things just getting kind of locked in place. And, you know, it just may become, Stultifying, just not, lack vibrancy. But that said, do I think we will figure out ways to extend life and, and maybe even reverse aging? I think that's highly likely.
I'm looking forward to that. Yeah. So, the future that you talk about the AI models, autonomous machines, rockets depends on massive increases of compute, massive increases in energy, expensive energy manufacturing scale. What are the bottlenecks to get there? And once again, with all that expenditures again, how can we make sure that it's broadened, not narrow?
I just think the natural thing is, is going to be very broad because, AI companies will seek as many customers as they possibly can, and the cost of AI will get is already very low and it's plummeting every year. I mean, it's almost the cost of AI is almost meaningfully changing on a month to month basis.
There's open there's open models now everywhere. Yeah.
Yes, there's open models. The open models only lag there maybe a year behind. Right. The, the, the sort of closed models. So, so I think the, the AI companies will seek as many customers as possible, which means they'll seek they'll provide AI to the world.
But the cost of getting to their the compute the chips, the fab the powering that to me. What are the what are the you know, those are huge.
Limiting factor. I think the limiting factor for, AI deployment is fundamentally electrical power.
It's just right. It's energy.
Yeah, yeah. I mean, we're seeing the the rate of AI chip production increase exponentially, but the rate of electricity being brought online is,
3%, 4% a year max.
Yeah. It's clear that we're very soon, maybe even later this year will be producing more chips than we can turn on. Except for China. China. China is. China's growth in electricity is tremendous.
They're building 100GW of nuclear as we speak.
Actually, solar is the biggest thing in China. So China's I believe China's production capacity on solar is 1500 gigawatts a year. And they're deploying over 1000GW a year of solar. Now, you know, for continuous solar load, you divide that by roughly, I don't know, 4 or 5, call it that's around, 250GW of steady state power, paired with batteries. And that's a very big number. That's half of the average power usage in the US. Right? So us US power, usage on average is is 500GW. China just in solar, just like just in solar that that can provide steady state power. And batteries can do half of the US electricity output per year just with solar. Solar is by far the biggest source of, of of energy. And actually when you look beyond or even even on Earth, but certainly beyond Earth, the sun rounds up to 100% of all energy. This is an important thing to consider. So the sun is 99.8% of the mass of the solar system, Jupiter is about 0.1%, and everything else is miscellaneous. Now, even if you were to, burn Jupiter in a in a thermonuclear reactor, the the amount of energy produced by the sun would still round up to 100%, because Jupiter is only 0.1% if you teleported. Teleported three more Jupiters into our solar system and burnt three more Jupiters and everything else in the solar system, the sun's energy would still round up to 100%. So it's really all about the sun. And that's why, one of the things we'll be doing with SpaceX within a few years is launching, solar powered AI satellites. Right. Because the SpaceX is really the source of immense power, and then you don't need to take up any room on Earth. There's so much room in space, and you can scale to enormous, I mean, you can scale to, I think ultimately hundreds, hundreds of terawatts a year.
You and I have had these conversations before. But why don't you tell the audience, what would it take for the United States? And what type of geography would it take to have that solar field to electrify the United States? And and let me ask a question. Why aren't we doing it?
Yes. So, I mean, I guess rough way to think about it is, 100 miles by 100 miles, we'll call it 160km by 160km of solar is enough to power the entire United States. So 100, 100 by 100 mile area is is. I mean, you could take basically a small corner of Utah.
Nevada.
Nevada, New Mexico. Obviously we wouldn't want it all in one place, but, it's a very small percentage of the area of, of the US to generate all of the electricity that the US uses. And the same is true, actually. I mean, for, for Europe, you could take a small part, you could take, relatively unpopulated areas of, say, Spain and Sicily and generate all of the electricity power that Europe needs.
So why don't you think that there's a movement towards that here and in the United States?
Well, there.
Is, as it is in China.
Well, unfortunately, in the US, the the tariff barriers for solar panels are extremely high. And that makes the economics of deploying solar, so artificially high, because China makes almost all the solar, and, and the, the.
What would it take for Europe or the US to build it commercially if it's that scale?
Yeah, I think, I think, well, I can tell you what we're going to do. SpaceX and Tesla is we're we're building up, large scale solar. Right. So the SpaceX and Tesla team is both separately, are working to build to 100GW a year of solar power in the US of manufactured solar power. And, that'll probably take us about three years or something, but these are pretty big numbers. And, you know, I'd encourage others to do to do the same. We obviously don't control that. You know, your US tariff policy. But for, for for other countries, I would you know that there's China makes solar cells that are incredibly low cost. And I think, it would be worth doing large scale solar.
So, I know you are. You're going to be having a couple of big announcements on robotics and what it can do. I mean, when I went to the factory, you showed me those robots. Yeah. How quickly you talked about the billions of robots, but how quickly and how quickly can they be deployed in a manufacturing setting? How quickly can they be utilized and be functional and be, the create that that abundance that you talked about?
Well, humanoid robotics will advance very quickly. I think, we do have some of the Tesla Optimus robots doing simple tasks in the factory. We expect probably later this year. By the end of this year, I think there will be doing, more complex tasks. And, and, but still deployed in an industrial environment and, and probably sometime next year. I'd say that by the, by the end of next year, I think, would be selling humanoid robots, to the public. That's when we are confident that it's very high reliability, very high safety. And the range of functionality is, is also very high. You can basically ask it to do anything you'd like.
You're already seeing that in Tesla cars. The software changes that you're doing. And what is it every quarter now a software change that upgrades the the ability of the robot within the car?
Yes. The Tesla full Self-Driving software. We update it sometimes once a week. And, recently some of the insurance companies have said that it is actually so safe when Tesla full Self-Driving is so safe that, they're offering customers half price insurance if they if they use Tesla full Self-Driving in their car.
And that could be monitored by the insurance company. Can they? Is that part of the agreement?
Yeah. I think self-driving cars is essentially a solved problem at this point. Right. And Tesla's rolled out, a robotaxi service in a few cities, and we'll, I think be very, very widespread by the end of this year within the US. And then we hope to get supervised full self-driving approval in Europe, hopefully next month. really quickly. Yeah. And then, maybe a similar timing timing for China.
Hopefully I'm going to move to space because historically space is very capital intensive, historically been done by governments. Obviously space X changed the whole model. But we've seen it slow to scale, and now I'm starting to see it ramping up in what you're doing and other things. Talk to us about the, you know, the automation and AI, how it's changing the economics and building and preparing for us and operating in space.
Sure. Well, the key breakthrough that that's the major breakthrough that SpaceX is hoping to achieve this year is full reusability. So no one has ever achieved full reusability of a rocket, which is very important for the cost of access to space. We've achieved partial reusability with Falcon nine by landing the boost stage. We've now landed the boost stage over 500 times. But, we have to throw away the upper stage. The upper stage burns up on reentry for Falcon nine. So. And that the cost of that is equivalent to a small to medium sized jet. So, but with with Starship, which is a giant rocket, it's the largest flying machine ever made.
That's a rocket that you're using for the idea of going to Mars, right?
Yeah. Mars and the moon, as well as for high volume satellite stuff. So Starship, hopefully this year we should prove full reusability for Starship, which will be, a profound invention, because, the cost of access to space will drop by a factor of 100 when you achieve full reusability. It's the same sort of economic difference that you would expect between, say, a reusable aircraft and a non-reusable aircraft. Like if you have to throw your aircraft away after every flight, that would be a very expensive flight. But if you only have to refuel, then it's the cost of the fuel. And so that's really the, the fundamental breakthrough that gets the cost of access to space. We think below the cost of, of freight on aircraft. So, you know, under under $100 a pound type of thing, easily. So it makes, putting large satellites into, into space very, very, very cheap. And then when you have solar in space, you, you get, five times more effectiveness, maybe even more than that, than solar on the ground, because it's always sunny.
It's cold.
And yeah, it's it's well, it's always sunny. So you don't have a day night cycle or seasonality or weather. And you get about 30% more power in space because, you don't have atmospheric attenuation of the power. The net effect is solar is five times more. Any given solar panel will do five times more, energy in space than, on the ground.
Is there any capacity in doing that? And then taking that power and bringing it back to Earth? Is there any way of doing that, or are you just taking that power and utilizing it for the needs, like building? AI data centers in space?
I think the case, it's a no brainer for building AI solar powered AI data centers in space. Because as you mentioned, it's also very cold in space. If you're if you're if you're in the shadow, then it's very cold in space, just three degrees Kelvin. So you just have solar panels facing the sun and then, a radiator that's like, point like, pointed away from the sun. So it has no sun incidence, and then it's. And then it's just cooling. It's a very efficient cooling system. So, net effect, is that the lowest cost place to put AI will be space. And that will be true within two years, maybe three, three at the latest.
Wow. So looking 10 or 20 years out, what would how would you describe success with AI or space technology and where do you see it? Is that can you are you more certain what's going to happen in the next three years or 5 or 10?
I don't know what's going to happen in ten years, but the rate at which AI is progressing, I think we've we're we might have AI that is smarter than any human by the end of this year. And I would say no later than next year. Wow. And then probably by 2030 or 2031, call it five years from now, AI will be smarter than, all of humanity collectively.
We only have a number of minutes left. But I want to humanize you for a second. So there's no speculation that you're at peace, right? Right, I want to I mean, I would frame this question by you're the most successful entrepreneur, industrialist in the 21st century. Maybe beyond. I want to so I want to really get this, you know, what inspired you? Who inspired you? What was the foundation of your curiosity and and importantly, what was the what was the was there an moment, a epiphany at any time in your life and career?
Well, I mean, as a kid, I read a lot of science fiction, sci fi, fantasy books.
Yeah, we.
Talked about, and, comic books. And I always liked technology. I didn't expect to be where I am today. That seems incredibly implausible. But, yeah, I was I was inspired by reading about books about the future, about science fiction. And, and I guess I want to make science fiction, not fiction forever, at some point, turn science fiction to science fact. And, you know, we want to have, like, Starfleet and Star Trek. Really for real. Like where we actually have giant spaceships traveling through space, going to other planets, traveling to other star systems.
Places to be beamed up, to go back to New York. I'd like to just be beamed back to New York instead of flying.
Yeah.
Talk about Star Trek.
No, I guess my my central, what I would call the philosophical philosophy of curiosity. I'd like to understand the meaning of life. You know, the is the standard model. Is the standard model of physics correct? Regarding the beginning of life, beginning of existence and the end of the universe. What what questions do we not know to ask that we should ask? An AI will help us with these things. So I'm just trying to. How do we get here? What's going on? What's real? Are there aliens? Maybe there are. And if we've got if we've got spaceships that are traveling to other star systems, we may find we may encounter aliens, and or we may find many long dead alien civilizations, but I just I just I just want to know what's going on. I'm curious about the universe, and, that's my philosophy.
Do you see yourself ever going to Mars in your lifetime?
Yeah. I mean, I would say, like, I, you know, I.
That's a long commitment.
I've been asked.
Isn't that three years each way?
It's six months.
Six months. That's all it is.
Yeah, six months. But the planets only align every two years.
Okay.
So, Yeah, I've been asked a few times, like, do I want to, you know, die on Mars? And I'm like, yes, but just not on impact.
That's a that's a good answer. Anyway, we're out of time. I hopefully everybody enjoyed this. I mean, there's so many myths around Elon Musk. I can tell you he's a great friend, and I constantly learn so much from him. And I'm totally inspired by what he's what he has done. I've been inspired who he is. And I'm totally inspired by his vision of the future. And I don't think it's such a bad future. And I agree with his optimism. So Elon, thank you. Any last words?
Well, I think generally I think my last words would be I would encourage everyone to be optimistic and excited about the future.
Good.
And, and generally, I think for quality of life, it is actually better to on the side of being an optimist and wrong rather than a pessimist. And right.
On that note.